CONCENTRATION OF HEAVY METALS AND OIL PRODUCTS IN THE SEABED SEDIMENTS OFF THE COAST OF THE CURONIAN SPIT (THE SOUTHEASTERN PART OF THE BALTIC SEA)

Krek Alexander

doi:doi:10.31519/conferencearticle_5b1b93ed8b9589.13555982

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CONCENTRATION OF HEAVY METALS AND OIL PRODUCTS IN THE SEABED SEDIMENTS OFF THE COAST OF THE CURONIAN SPIT (THE SOUTHEASTERN PART OF THE BALTIC SEA)

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CONCENTRATION OF HEAVY METALS AND OIL PRODUCTS IN THE SEABED SEDIMENTS OFF THE COAST OF THE CURONIAN SPIT (THE SOUTHEASTERN PART OF THE BALTIC SEA)

Section: SUB-SESSION: ECOLOGHICAL SENSITIVITY OF COASTAL AREAS ANTHROPOGENIC LOADS AND NATURAL DISASTERS

Proceedings: MATERIALS OF XXVI INTERNATIONAL COASTAL CONFERENCE "MANAGINAG RISKS TO COASTAL REGIONS AND COMMUNITIES IN A CHANGINAG WORLD"

GRNTI 34.35 Экология BISAC NAT010000 Ecology BISAC NAT045050 Ecosystems & Habitats / Coastal Regions & Shorelines BISAC NAT025000 Ecosystems & Habitats / Oceans & Seas BISAC NAT045030 Ecosystems & Habitats / Polar Regions BISAC SCI081000 Earth Sciences / Hydrology BISAC SCI092000 Global Warming & Climate Change BISAC SCI020000 Life Sciences / Ecology BISAC SCI039000 Life Sciences / Marine Biology BISAC SOC053000 Regional Studies BISAC TEC060000 Marine & Naval

Krek Alexander ¹

Author and publication information

Authors:

1. Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Atlantic Branch of P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences, I. Kant Baltic Federal University
from 25.12.2016 until now

Type:

Сonference article

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.31519/conferencearticle_5b1b93ed8b9589.13555982

Published:

01.12.2016

Subject area:

GRNTI 34.35 Экология
BISAC NAT010000 Ecology
BISAC NAT045050 Ecosystems & Habitats / Coastal Regions & Shorelines
BISAC NAT025000 Ecosystems & Habitats / Oceans & Seas
BISAC NAT045030 Ecosystems & Habitats / Polar Regions
BISAC SCI081000 Earth Sciences / Hydrology
BISAC SCI092000 Global Warming & Climate Change
BISAC SCI020000 Life Sciences / Ecology
BISAC SCI039000 Life Sciences / Marine Biology
BISAC SOC053000 Regional Studies
BISAC TEC060000 Marine & Naval

Language:

English

Keywords:

Southeastern Baltic Sea, alongshore suspended sediment transport, seabed sediments contamination by heavy metals and oil products

Abstract and keywords

Abstract (English):
During spring and summer (2014) environmental investigations of the sea coastal zone, conducted in the frameworks of the Baltberegozaschita (Kaliningrad) program, determinations of content of heavy metals and oil products in the bottom sediments along the shore of the northern coast of the Kaliningrad Region were performed. The highest values of their contents were found in the middle part of the Curonian Spit (near the border with Lithuania). According to Swedish classification WGMS 2003-SSQC these values correspond to the highest 4 and 5 Classes of Contamination. At the Curonian Spit, which is a protected area, unknown any significant sources of anthropogenic pollution. Supposedly, the origin of the detected anomaly is connected with influence of along shore bed load, directed from abrasive coast of the Sambia Peninsula along the Curonian Spit, to its middle part, where accumulation of sedimentary material is dominated. The shore of the Sambia Peninsula is much more populated and used for recreational purposes, and can therefore be considered as a possible source of contamination.

Keywords:
Southeastern Baltic Sea, alongshore suspended sediment transport, seabed sediments contamination by heavy metals and oil products

Text

I. Introduction

Coastal zones are characterised by intensive urbanization [1]. Consequently, they suffer from considerable anthropogenic impact. In addition, coastal waters due to active hydrodynamic factors are the most dynamic in comparison to other parts of the sea basin. Here, sedimentation in occurs more rapidly as a result of numerous processes: winds and waves as well as local atmospheric circulation patterns [3, 4].

As a result of the active circulation, an intense mechanical separation of polydisperse solid particles occurs [5] together with redistribution of contamination, which depends on the sorption capacity of the sediment and the size of the particles.

The present research is particularly relevant taking into account the fact that the Curonian Spit is a unique nature site, which is on the UNESCO World Heritage list.

II. Materials and methods

Samples from the underwater coastal slope and beaches of the northern coast of the Sambia Peninsula and the Curonian Spit were taken from a regular sampling uniform grid of profiles with 2 km interval (Fig. 1). In each profile, samples of sediment were collected from the sea botom at a depth of 10 m by a "Van Veen" grab during the period 19-31.05.2014. The beach sediment samples were collected in the period 10-18.06.2014 and comprised samples collected from the whole width of the beach starting from the water edge. To identify possible sources of contamination samples were also collected near coastal settlements Primorye, Otradnoe, Svetlogorsk, Pionersky, Zaostrovye, and Lesnoy.

In order to determine the content of heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Pb, and Hg) and oil products (OP) in coarse sediments, the data of environmental monitoring during oil extraction at the "Kravtsovskoye” (D-6) platform were used. The data obtained from the engineering and environmental surveys, and exploratory drilling in the promising oil-bearing structures (158 values in total) were also used (see. Fig. 1).

Figure 1. Area of investigations. Legend: 1 – Sampling profiles in 2014; 2 - Background points; 3 - The sea ice-resistant fixed platform D-6; 4 – Sites of engineering and environmental surveys, environmental monitoring during exploratory drilling in the oil-bearing structures; 5 - Sediment sampling points in the oil-bearing structures (background); 6 - The state border with Lithuania; 7 - Isobaths, m; 8 - Coastal settlements (in parentheses - the number of samples taken in the residential areas); 9 - Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ).

The physical property analysis - the particle size analysis - was done by sieve tests, using the Krumbein phi scale [7]; the mesh sizes of the sieve were 4.0; 2.8; 2.0; 1.4; 1.0; 0.71; 0.5; 0.355; 0.25; 0.18; 0.125; 0.09; and 0.063 mm.

The chemical analysis of soils and sediment samples was carried in the "Centre of laboratory analysis and technical measurements of the Kaliningrad region". The concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cu, Ni, Zn were determined by atomic emission spectrometry; Hg concentration was identified using the flameless atomic absorption and the content of oil products - by the IR spectrometry.

The Swedish classification WGMS 2003-SSQC was used to assess sediment contamination [8]. The general direction of the alongshore sediment transport was determined according to [9]. It helped to identify the prevailing vectors of sediment contamination. Calculation of the alongshore sediment-driving force was performed for the period of October-March of 2013-2014. The data on the wind speed and wind direction were obtained from Automatic Hydro-Meteorological Station Minikrams-4, located on the off-shore D-6 oil platform at a height of 27 m. The wind speed was calculated for the height of 10 m [10].

The particle size analysis [11] was used to confirm direction of the last significant bed load in the linear sector of the underwater coastal slope of the Curonian Spit (profiles 19-40).

III. results

Seabed sediment

Seabed sediments in the studied area were mainly composed of sands of different grain size having a median diameter of 0.26 ± 0.36 mm. Coarse sediments (boulders, pebbles, gravel at profiles 15, 16 and 18, respectively) were found only at the base of the Curonian Spit. This sediment distribution pattern is typical of coastal zones [12]. Generally speaking, a decrease in the median particle diameter and, as a consequence, a change in the sediment types were observed from the Taran Cape, and eastward, along the Curonian Spit to its middle part.

Toxic substances were found in almost all industrial discharges and household runoffs [12], the main source of contamination being seaside settlements, rivers and transboundary transport [13]. The average concentration of heavy metals was usually higher than the background level of contamination (Table 1).

The Sambia Peninsula is densely populated; it is a seaside resort visited by many tourists. The density of the population and the number of tourists result in contamination. However, the maximum concentration of pollutants (Hg, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn and OP) was registered along the underwater slope of the Curonian Spit (Table 2). The reason for such substantial differences may be the alongshore transport of suspended sediment, which drifts from the deeply eroded coastline of the Sambia Peninsula along the Curonian Spit, to its middle part, where sediment accumulation prevails [14-18].

The Cu distribution pattern is of particular concern. The Cu concentration corresponding to Contamination Class 5 was registered near the Rybachy settlement (profiles 28, 32, 34, 35, 38 and 40 having 240, 170, 340, 150, 160, 240 mg/kg, respectively). It should be noted that during the 2013-2014 environmental monitoring of “Kravtsovskoye” D-6 oil platform, the Cu concentration corresponded to Contamination Class 4 and 5 (in 2013–110 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg; in 2014 - 110 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg in the background points 7 and 6, respectively).

The Ni and Pb content matched Contamination Class 5 in some tests at profile 32 (Ni - 120 mg/kg) and profile 33 (Pb - 130 mg/kg); Zn – Contamination Class 4 only at profile 33 (230 mg/kg). The highest concentrations of oil products were registered at profile 33 (650 mg/kg) and profile 35 (1380 mg/kg), with a average of 59.8 ± 45.9 mg/kg, significantly exceeding the background value (<40 mg/kg).

Table 1. The average content of heavy metals in the seabed sediments compared to their background values

Heavy metal	The content of toxic metals in the coastal zone (2014)				Contamination class according to [8]	Background value	ơ	Contamination class according to [8]
	Min	Max	Average	ơ
	mg/kg			ơ
Cd	˂0.05	0.96	0.42	0.25	2	0.36	0.63	2
Cu	0.98	340	67.8	74.6	4	10.3	31.4	1
Ni	<0.5	120	7.1	19.2	1	-	-	-
Pb	<0.5	130	5.4	21.0	1	1.64	2.35	1
Zn	4	230	13.7	13.5	1	-	-	-
Hg	<0.005	0.01	0.005	0.002	1	0.005	0.007	1

Table 2. The ratio of pollutants in the seabed sediments of the Sambia Peninsula and the Curonian Spit underwater slopes

Pollutant	The Sambia Peninsula (profiles 1-17)				The Curonian Spit (profiles 18-40)
	Min	Max	Average	ơ	Min	Max	Average	ơ
	mg/kg			ơ	mg/kg			ơ
Hg	<0.005	0.007	˂0.005	-	<0.005	0.01	0.005	0.002
Cd	˂0.05	0.96	0.46	0.26	˂0.05	0.86	0.40	0.23
Cu	0.98	56	25.3	18.6	20	340	98.7	84.7
Ni	0.67	12	5.41	4.02	<0.5	120	8.41	25.24
Pb	<0.5	19	1.71	4.64	<0.5	130	8.03	27.34
Zn	5.7	24	14.7	4.6	4	230	26.1	48.7
OP	˂40	120	52.6	36.3	˂40	1380	151.8	305.4

Coastal research

The average content of pollutants on the beaches (Table 3) is multiply lower than that of the underwater coastal slope. The exception was Zn, the concentration of which was comparable to that in the seabed sediments. The most polluted beaches were those of the Sambia Peninsula (Table 4), suffering from direct anthropogenic impact as well as from both municipal and non-municipal (untreated) sewage water runoffs from the coastal settlements [13].

Table 3 - The content of pollutants in the beach sediment

Pollutant	The minimum concentration	Maximun concentration	The average concentration	ơ
Pollutant	mg/kg			ơ
Cd	0.06	0.54	0.2	0.12
Cu	<0.5	85	14.47	19.32
Ni	<0.5	4.8	1.76	1.26
Pb	<0.5	5.8	0.96	1.06
Zn	1.4	190	11.31	30.21
Hg	<0.005	0.008	<0.005	-
OP	˂40	72	˂40	-

Table 4. Pollution of the Sambia Peninsula and the Curonian Spit beaches: a comparative analysis

Pollutant	The Sambia Peninsula				The Curonian Spit
	Min	Max	Average	ơ	Min	Max	Average	ơ
	mg/kg			ơ	mg/kg			ơ
Hg	<0.005	<0.005	˂0.005	-	<0.005	0.008	˂0.005	-
Cd	0.08	0.54	0.24	0.14	0.061	0.39	0.16	0.08
Cu	0.88	89	21.2	24.4	<0.5	45	9.0	11.9
Ni	0.86	4.2	1.83	0.72	<0.5	4,8	1.7	1.6
Pb	<0.5	3.5	0.95	0.84	<0.5	5,8	0.96	1.24
Zn	2.1	190	19.8	44.2	1.4	8.1	4.4	2.0
OP	˂40	72	˂40	-	˂40	50	˂40	-

As it was expected, the average content of pollutants in the settlements of the Sambia Peninsula was much higher than on the beaches: Cd - 0.53 ± 0.19 mg/kg; Cu - 28.43 ± 7.76 mg/kg; Ni - 2,63 ± 2.03 mg/kg; Pb - 5.36 ± 4.44 mg/kg; Zn - 28.43 ± 28.86; Hg - 0.28 ± 0.51 mg/kg; OP - 181.29 ± 157.76 mg/kg.

The study identified potential contamination sources (settlements on the northern coast of the Sambia Peninsula) and the area of accumulation of contamination (underwater coastal slope near the Rybachy settlement) in many indicators (Fig. 2).

Fig. 2. Areas of potential contamination and accumulation of pollutants.

Legend: 1 – Pollutants input areas; 2 – Areas of massive contamination (Contamination Class 4-5 for Zn, Ni, Pb, Cu calculated according to WGMS 2003-SSQC [8] and oil products multiply exceeding the background values); 3 - Isobaths, m; 4 - Coastal settlements.

IV. Discussion

On the Curonian Spit, a protected nature reserve, there are no sources of anthropogenic pollution. Presumably, the reason for the identified deviations from the norm is the impact of the alongshore suspended sediment transport. Many authors [14-26] confirmed the presence of the alongshore transport of suspended sediment. It is important to note that the recent works [25-26] have been carried out using the meteorological data of the second half of the XX century. Given climate change [27-31], meteorologists have observed changes in wind and wave patterns, which in their turn, lead to changes in the characteristics of the alongshore transport of sediment.

Storms play a dominant role in the transport of sediment [26]. The autumn-winter season in the Southeastern Baltic is characterized by the highest frequency of gale-force winds [32], resulting in active lithodynamic processes.

Contemporary calculations done for the previous period of storms helped to identify the general direction of the alongshore bed load (Table 5). The positive sign of the relative sediment-driving force (τ) (see. Table 5) indicates a unidirectional general transport of the sediment from the Taran Cape along the Curonian Spit.

Table 5. Results of calculation of the sediment-driving force components T₁ and T₂, sediment transport scale A; resultant sediment-driving force T; breaking waves force B, energy vectors values of the general sediment-driving activity E; relative sediment-driving force τ (conditional kilo-units)

Profile	T₁	T₂	A	T	B	E	τ
1	51.9	-7.5	59.4	44.3	53.8	69.7	0.82
3	28.4	-5.1.	33.6.	23.3	30.1	38.1	0.77
5	29.7	-6.6.	36.3	23.1	37.6	44.1	0.61
7	31.2	-4.9	36.1.	26.3	37.4	45.7	0.70
9	27.4	-7.7	35.1.	19.7	40.0	44.6	0.49
11	30.7	-12.0	42.7	18.7.	43.9	47.7	0.43
13	41.4	-8.8	50.2	32.6.	51.2	60.7	0.64
15	14.3	-9.9	24.1	4.4	21.0	21.5	0.21
17	32.5	-5.0	37.5	27.6	34.7	44.3	0.79
19	33.9	-7.1	41.0	26.7	44.9	52.3	0.60
21	36.4	-9.0	45.4	27.4	52.4	59.1	0.52
23	45.9	-12.6	58.5	33.3	64.8	72.9	0.51
25	79.9	-12.1	92.0	67.8	88.3	111.4	0.77
27	76.9	-14.1	91.0	62.8	93.1	112.3	0.68
29	80.4	-14.2	94.6	66.3	95.5	116.3	0.69
31	75.7	-24.0	99.8	51.7	106.6	118.5	0.48
33	79.3	-24.0	103.3	55.3	108.9	122.1	0.51
35	85.0	-24.0	109.0	61.0	113.5	128.8	0.54
37	84.8	-23.9	108.7	60.8	113.2	128.5	0.54
39	88.1	-23.9	112.0	64.2.	115.5	132.2	0.56

Within the area with shallow water and jagged coastline, there are no prerequisites for an extended unidirectional alongshore drift of loose sediment [33]. It should be noted that sediment transport scale A (see Table 5) reaches its maximum values near the middle part of the Curonian Spit, which leads to an increased probability of multidirectional drifts of sediment.

Calculation of the granulometric characteristics (reflecting the direction of the last sediment transport), allowed to identify the most probable vector of sediment transport and, consequently, contamination spots (Table 6). The results of the calculation do not contradict the ones obtained by other authors [25, 34] and confirm the general vector of transport of sediment material from the Sambia Peninsula along the Curonian Spit.

Table 6. Probability of the direction of the last significant sediment transport

Sediment transport direction	The number of pairs that meet the specified conditions		Z		Significance level
Sediment transport direction	Case 1	Case 2	Case 1	Case 2	Case 1	Case 2
19 → 40 North-East	69	11	7.98	-3.56	0.01	-
40 → 19 South-West	4	26	-4.95	-0.57	-	-

Concentration of pollutants in the sediments near the Rybachy settlement indicates the weakening of the alongshore transport at the analysed site, and the formation of a sediment accumulation zone.

V. Conclusions

Deviations from the norm in the content of heavy metals and oil products along the underwater coastal slope of the Curonian Spit are caused by the redistribution of solid sediment as a result of coastal lithodynamic processes. The prevailing direction of sediment transport is from the northern coast of the Sambia Peninsula, which experiences the heaviest anthropogenic impact, thus significantly contributing to the distribution of pollutants. The coastal zone of the Curonian Spit is vulnerable to the anthropogenic impact coming from even fairly remote areas (20-50 km away from the coast), yet located within the boundaries of the same lithodynamic system. It is necessary to note that previous tests done at the site of the underwater disposal of dredged material, located near the port of Pionersky, showed a higher content of Cu [35], which could be another source of pollution of the coastal zone.

The beaches of the northern coast of the Kaliningrad region, being influenced by high dynamic waves, mainly play a transit role in the spreading of contamination.

VI. Acknowledgment

The work was performed within the Federal Task Programme of the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia “Investigations and elaborations on priority tendencies of scientific-technological complex development in Russia for 2014-2020” with unique identifier RFMEFI57414X0091.

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