Abstract and keywords
Abstract (English):
This project defines the pre-industrial quantities of heavy metals in sediment sequences of the Late Holocene from the Eastern Gulf of Finland. A comparative analysis reveals differences and similarities in the current concentrations of heavy metals in bottom sediments and pre-industrial levels. It is found that the maximum concentrations of heavy metals in the bottom sediments of the Gulf of Finland and Neva Bay occurred in the period of 1950-1990. Since the 1990s, the trend has been a slow decline in the contamination levels; however, the concentrations of some heavy metals in bottom sediments remain high.

Keywords:
sediments, Gulf of Finland, sediment contamination, heavy metals.
Text

I. Introduction

Heavy metals and chemical toxicants are known to accumulate in different components of marine environments, causing vital changes in biological species and damage to the ecosystem. Because they can potentially migrate from sediments to water, sediment contamination is among the most urgent problems requiring ecological and geological research.

The Gulf of Finland is exposed to heavy metal pollution from adjoining urban areas. To preserve the ecosystem of the Baltic Sea, it is necessary to continuously monitor and evaluate the state of the environment. The problem is especially urgent for the easternmost part of the Gulf of Finland, where in the late 1990s, the concentrations of most heavy metals were extremely high [10, 13, 14].

Today, there are no established ecological sediment quality criteria in Russia, despite such indicators having already been developed by many other countries and organizations.

In developing such criteria, the pre-industrial quantities of heavy metals, representing a natural state in sedimentary sequences, and their relation to palaeoenvironmental settings have become the most important topics.

 

II. Materials and methods

The sediments of the eastern Gulf of Finland have been the subject of many scientific studies and of monitoring over the last two decades. Ecological and geological surveys in the Russian part of the Gulf of Finland were held in the 1990s within the framework of national projects and international expeditions, such as the Baltic Marine Ecological Patrol (MEP). Within the context of the project State Monitoring of geological environment of the Russian part of Baltic Sea, the state company “Sevmorgeo” and the A.P. Karpinsky Russian Geological Research Institute “VSEGEI” conducted annual sediment sampling within the Gulf of Finland (35-38 sites) and Neva Bay (34 sites) from 2005 to 2015. Sediment sampling was conducted using a grab sampler and box-corers, which made it possible to obtain qualitative data and stratified sediment samples. Analytical investigations included the determination of heavy metal concentrations in surface sediments. Consequently, a unique database was collected comprising records of the state of surface sediments in the eastern Gulf of Finland [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]. In addition, undisturbed sedimentary sequences (length 50-60 cm, using the Niemistö gravity corer) from areas of silty clay accumulation, which were recovered during the joint projects of VSEGEI and GTK (Geological Survey of Finland), and their detailed sampling and chemical analyses [14, 15, 16] revealed the vertical distribution of heavy metals in bottom sediments in different sedimentation basins of the eastern Gulf of Finland.  

         Surface sediments, collected within the framework of the geological monitoring project, were analysed by semiquantitative optical emission spectral analysis (27 elements, including Co, Ni, Cu, Pb, Zn, Cr and V). ICP-MS was used for chemical analyses of Cd and As.

 

III. Results and discussion

Silty clay sediments are known to intensively absorb and accumulate heavy metals and pollutants; their deposition occurs in local sedimentation basins in the eastern Gulf of Finland. These basins are located in depressions of bottom relief at depths varying from 4-5 m in Neva Bay to 50-60 m near Gogland Island. The depressions are separated by raised bottom areas, characterized by a prevalence of erosion processes, transit, a lack of sedimentation and the formation of coarse-grained sediments, sands and mixed sediments. In the framework of the presented study, six sedimentation basins (including the Neva Bay sedimentation basin) were distinguished by their differences in bathymetry, their source of incoming material and the specifics of their hydrochemical regime (Fig. 1).


Published data on the vertical distribution of heavy metals in the upper 50-60 cm of soft silty-clay mud [14, 15, 16] allowed us to calculate the pre-industrial values for each sedimentation basin (excluding the “Kurortny” basin), obtained from intervals from 25-30 cm to 40-60 cm depending on the sedimentation rate. The concentration curves show a drastic increase in the concentration of heavy metals in the intervals corresponding to the 1950-1990s. Underlying sediments were interpreted as representing a “natural state” and assumed to be unaffected by human activities. The pre-industrial quantities of heavy metals and their relation to the environmental quality criteria developed by Swedish Environmental Protection Agency [12] are shown in Tab. 1 and Fig. 2.

It is worth noting that some of these values match classes 2 and 3 of the Swedish sediment quality criteria (“low” and “moderate” level of pollution) (Tab. 1). When analysing the technogenic impact, it is necessary to take this aspect into account. Elevated levels of most of the examined elements are specific for the northwestern basins. The highest pre-industrial values of Zn, Ni, As, Co, Cr and V apply to the bottom sediments of Vyborg and that of Cu applies to the Beresovy sedimentation basin (Fig. 2). These features are most likely caused by the geological structure of the eastern Gulf of Finland. Sedimentation basins in the northern part of the Gulf are associated with the crystalline basement of the Baltic Shield. The eroded material from the rocks of the shield appears to be a source of a wide range of chemical elements transported to the basins. Apparently, this case is an example of natural enrichment of the bottom sediments. Reduced levels of heavy metals are noted for the sediments of the Koporsky and Luzhsky basins, where supply results from the rocks of the sedimentary platform, which are significantly less enriched with ore elements [1].

 

Published data on the vertical distribution of heavy metals in the upper 50-60 cm of soft silty-clay mud [14, 15, 16] allowed us to calculate the pre-industrial values for each sedimentation basin (excluding the “Kurortny” basin), obtained from intervals from 25-30 cm to 40-60 cm depending on the sedimentation rate. The concentration curves show a drastic increase in the concentration of heavy metals in the intervals corresponding to the 1950-1990s. Underlying sediments were interpreted as representing a “natural state” and assumed to be unaffected by human activities. The pre-industrial quantities of heavy metals and their relation to the environmental quality criteria developed by Swedish Environmental Protection Agency [12] are shown in Tab. 1 and Fig. 2.

It is worth noting that some of these values match classes 2 and 3 of the Swedish sediment quality criteria (“low” and “moderate” level of pollution) (Tab. 1). When analysing the technogenic impact, it is necessary to take this aspect into account. Elevated levels of most of the examined elements are specific for the northwestern basins. The highest pre-industrial values of Zn, Ni, As, Co, Cr and V apply to the bottom sediments of Vyborg and that of Cu applies to the Beresovy sedimentation basin (Fig. 2). These features are most likely caused by the geological structure of the eastern Gulf of Finland. Sedimentation basins in the northern part of the Gulf are associated with the crystalline basement of the Baltic Shield. The eroded material from the rocks of the shield appears to be a source of a wide range of chemical elements transported to the basins. Apparently, this case is an example of natural enrichment of the bottom sediments. Reduced levels of heavy metals are noted for the sediments of the Koporsky and Luzhsky basins, where supply results from the rocks of the sedimentary platform, which are significantly less enriched with ore elements [1].

 

Based on the geochemical data acquired during annual monitoring from 2012-2015 by Sevmorgeo and VSEGEI, average heavy metals concentrations were calculated for different sedimentation basins. This interval was proposed due to it having the most complete database (Fig. 3).

            Comparative analysis shows that the concentrations of all of the studied elements in surface sediments exceed those in the pre-industrial deposits. The most significant increases occurred in As, Zn and Cu. Generally, for the modern and pre-industrial sediments, enhanced values are inherent for northern basins, pointing toward the essential contribution of natural processes in the geochemical specialization of modern silty clay accumulation.

Fig.2 Heavy metals pre-industrial concentrations

In comparison with pre-industrial levels, the concentrations of arsenic increased significantly. Maximum concentrations were found in the Vyborg basin, where values raised from 17 ppm in pre-industrial sediments to 71 ppm in modern deposits.

The concentration of zinc increased in comparison with pre-industrial values in all sedimentation basins. However, the maximum pre-industrial levels existed in the northern and western areas, whereas now peak concentrations are distinctive for the area of the Berezovy basin.

The concentration of lead increased in the Koporsky and Luzhsky basins in modern soft sediments, whereas it decreased in Neva Bay. This result requires additional investigation. The underlying interval of the sequence 05-NG-9 (26-38 cm), representing significantly lower levels of heavy metals than in the “industrial” interval of 1950-1990s, have probably not reached the “natural” state for sediments of this basin. Generally, in the surface sediments of the eastern Gulf of Finland, concentrations of lead for different basins are quite similar, perhaps, due to the enhanced mobility of this element.

            The maximum levels of copper in the pre-industrial levels were fixed in the sedimentation basin “Berezovy”. In the surface sediments, peak values were noticed in the central part of the bay – i.e., the “Koporsky and Luzhsky basins”, the “Vyborg” basin and the “Berezovy” basin.

            The changes in the concentrations of Co and Ni were insignificant in comparison with pre-industrial values. Peak levels moved south from the Vyborg area to the “Berezovy” basin. The same trend was observed on the figures for chromium and vanadium; however, these values increased in comparison to pre-industrial intervals.

            Summarizing the obtained results, we can conclude that the maximum concentrations of Zn, Ni, Co, Cr and V shifted south from the Vyborg basin to the “Berezovy” area. During the pre-industrial period, the distribution of elements was controlled by geological and physiogeographical settings, whereas today a huge role is assigned to human activities. A huge harbour, a variety of waterways and shipping channels are located in the “Berezovy” area, influencing the content of heavy metals in sediments.

            When conducting a comparative analysis, attention was paid to the elevated levels of most elements in the northern basins in the modern and pre-industrial periods, whereas reduced levels were noticed in Neva Bay and the “Koporsky and Luzhsky basins”. It is worth noting that the study from the 1990s revealed the opposite result – maximum concentrations were fixed in the eastern part of the bay (Neva Bay and the Kurortny district).

            The determined patterns indicate a reduction in the anthropogenic load in the eastern Gulf of Finland over the last decade and the essential contribution of natural components to modern sedimentation processes.

A diagram showing annual geochemical data for sedimentation basins collected during monitoring in 2005-2015 is presented at Fig. 4.

Based on the results of the annual investigations, it is possible to make several conclusions. In almost all basins, a sharp increase in the concentrations of heavy metals occurred in 2007-2009. This elevation was traced most clearly in Neva Bay; nevertheless, high concentrations were noticed in the other basins. Due to hydro technical work held in 2006-2008 (dredging, underwater dumping, new territories creation etc.), the water became oversaturated with suspended matter, which led to the secondary pollution of water and deposits by underlying sediments.

In Neva Bay, the average concentrations of metals, except Cu, decreased during the studied interval. The content of lead has gradually decreased over the past ten years from classes “high” and “moderate” to “none”. Ni reached class 3, “moderate”, in 2007 and 2011, Co did so in 2008. Other elements did not exceed the first two contamination levels [11]. The concentrations of Cu exceeded level 3 pollution during the previous nine years of investigations and decreased in 2015 to class 2, “low”.

In the sedimentation basin “Berezovy”, slight decreases in Pb, Zn, Cu and Co concentrations were noticed. Other elements show stable levels, except V, the concentration of which increased during the monitoring program. According to Swedish quality criteria, all values exceeded the third level of pollution.

Within the project, a decline in the concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cu, Со and Cr occurred in the Kurortny, Koporsky and Luzhsky basins. The vanadium content was slightly elevated, whereas the other elements remained on the same levels. 

The Vyborg and Deepwater basins are characterized by enhanced levels of As, Zn and Co. In the Vyborg basin, the values of Pb, Zn, Cu, Ni and Cr have decreased over the last ten years, whereas the patterns of other elements remained constant. The Deepwater basin is distinctive for its permanent concentrations of most of the studied elements; nevertheless, the decline in Cu, Cr and Co values was fixed.

A comparison of average concentrations in different sedimentation basins of the Gulf of Finland with the Swedish sediment quality criteria is shown in Tab. 2.

Table 2. Average concentrations of heavy metals in sediments during the monitoring program in comparison with Swedish sediment quality criteria

Neva Bay

 

Pb ppm

Zn ppm

Cu ppm

Ni ppm

Co ppm

Cr ppm

2005

46

113

110

26

5

87

 

2006

75,5

119

104,5

21

14,5

73,5

 

2007

21,5

128,5

160

45

16

94,5

 

2008

71

188

305

35

27

84

 

2009

43

113,5

94

23,5

11,5

55

 

2011

40,05

82,05

48,15

43,9

13,45

85,65

 

2012

29,6

62

44,8

36

13

77

 

2013

24

95

47

35

8,5

59

 

2014

23

88

35

34

9,1

75

 

2015

17

66,5

29,5

23,5

4

50,5

 

Berezovy basin

           

 

 

Pb ppm

As ppm

Zn ppm

Cu ppm

Ni ppm

Co ppm

Cr ppm

 

2005

72

56

198

99

53

25

130

 

2006

80

68

254

103

42

17

96

 

2007

48

21

181

125

47

37

122

 

2009

64

44

276

59

39

27

121

 

2012

60

41

222

76,5

52

24

87

 

2013

57

35

226

87

46

29

110

 

2014

21

81

180

52

55

21

79

 

2015

35

45,5

177,5

45

48

18

115

 

Vyborg basin

           

 

2005

41

54

133

125

41

19

98

 

2006

41

54

133

125

41

19

98

 

2007

16

25

184

134

39

22

117

 

2008

48

44

274

197

30

52

111

 

2009

64

41

245

65

53

26

94

 

2012

53

40

220

113

43

22

92

 

2013

46

39

187

92

40

14

74

 

2014

45

127

202

67

38

19

79

 

2015

21

51

170

59

33

26

67

 

Deepwater basin

           

 

2005

28

49

168

110

37

27

94

 

2007

74

17

209

206

64

63

139

 

2008

40

40

197

224

31

41

102

 

2009

38

40

206

85

45

25

72

 

2012

40

43

196

60

54

27

63

 

2014

16

77

70

22

11

25

44

 

2015

41

67

186

50

51

23

75

 

Kurortny basin

           

 

2005

60

63

173

140

50

35

168

 

2006

59

60

32

78

14

7

76

 

2007

41

20

168

118

57

36

136

 

2008

53

48

124

112

40

26

126

 

2009

59

39

174

82

43

37

103

 

2012

57

38

167

75

45

19

95

 

2013

33

38

182

71

36

19

96

 

2014

17

98

130

66

37

18

82

 

2015

29

55

116

57

39

14

69

 

Koporsky and Luzhsky basins

           

 

2005

34

49

146

105

42

23

102

 

2006

70

57

109

124

26

9

85

 

2007

30

27

201

157

40

26

135

 

2008

66

40

192

206

43

18

97

 

2009

64

40

218

76

44

24

107

 

2012

66

37

175

79

37

22

77

 

2013

32

36

129

63

30

16

66

 

2014

28

122

130

58

35

30

73

 

2015

24

49

116

60

43

15

66

 

Class 1

None

           

 

Class 2

Low

           

 

Class 3

Moderate

           

 

Class 4

High

           

 

Class 5

Very high

           

 

 

Concentrations of arsenic reach a “very high” level of pollution in the different time spans over the entire area of the bay. Ferromanganese concretions, widespread in the eastern Gulf of Finland, tend to absorb chemical elements such as arsenic [8]. As stated by ref. [8] the coefficient of concentration of arsenic in ferromanganese nodules can reach 31.2, which exceeds the geochemical background of the territory more than 30 times. This feature explains elevated values of As in sediments. A similar trend is observed for Cu.  In the last years of monitoring, the concentrations of Pb and Cr decreased in all basins (except “Berezovy”), reaching the lowest levels of pollution, according to SEPA.

 

IV. Conclusions

Based on the investigation of the distribution of heavy metals in the bottom sediments of the eastern Gulf of Finland, the following conclusions can be made:

  1. The concentrations of all studied elements in the surface sediments of the sedimentation basins of the eastern Gulf of Finland exceed pre-industrial levels.
  2. According to Swedish EPA the most polluted basin is “Berezovy”. Almost all measured values fall in the range from three to five contamination levels.
  3. When comparing the general distribution pattern in bottom sediments during the pre-industrial epoch and today, it is worth noting that increased concentrations of most studied elements are specific to the northwestern sedimentation basins, whereas reduced levels are distinctive for Neva Bay and the “Koporsky and Luzhsky basins”. This feature is suggested to indicate the difference in the geochemical composition of the sources of incoming material for these sedimentation basins.
  4. A study of average concentrations in different sedimentation basins in the pre-industrial and modern periods reveals a curtain variation in the distribution trend. Maximal concentrations of Zn, Ni, Co, Cr and V moved south from Vyborg basin to “Berezovy” basin, which points toward a significant anthropogenic load.
  5. Investigations carried out in the 1990s, indicating that the maximal concentrations of heavy metals prevailed in the eastern part of the Gulf of Finland (Neva Bay and the Kurortny basin), lead us to conclude that the sources of pollution in that period of time were industrial and domestic wastewaters of Saint Petersburg.
  6. Intense dredging in 2006-2008 caused secondary pollution of waters and deposits with underlying sediments, marked by a drastic increase in the content of heavy metals. 
  7. A trend of improvement of decreasing levels in the content of heavy metals is observed in all sedimentation basins during the last several years.

Acknowledgements.  This research was undertaken in the framework of the project of State monitoring of geological environment of the Russian Baltic, White and Barents Seas. The authors thank the captain and the crew of R/V “Risk” and colleagues from the Department of Marine and Environment Geology, who participated in field work – N.B. Malysheva, I.A. Neevin, O.V. Dron. Part of the analytical work was carried out in the Research Park of St. Petersburg State University (project 103-6002).

 

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